Determination of the Fe3+/$${\varvec{\Sigma}}$$Fe Ratio in Synthetic Lead Silicate Slags Using X-Band CW-EPR

The oxidation balance is arguably one of the most important parameters during pyrometallurgical processes. In many cases, iron abundant multivalent element present in silicate slags. Within these molten oxide mixtures, oxygen dominated by relative fractions Fe3+ and Fe2+ present. Measuring concentration ferrous ferric quenched slags can provide useful information about state liquid slag at moment freezing. These measurements are not always straightforward, especially lead-rich slags, as modern secondary smelting Building on previous work, this article aims towards a practical reliable methodology for determining using continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW-EPR). method demonstrated different Fe3+/ $$\Sigma $$ Fe ratios basic model proposed that relates composition to EPR spectrum, optimized high-lead ternary PbO–SiO2–Fe2O3 slag.